What is it?

The penis is removed before ejaculation.

How does it work?

Prevent the semen from entering the partner’s body. However, even if the penis is withdrawn before ejaculation, pre-ejaculate fluid may contain sperm cells that can cause pregnancy and it may also contain organisms that cause sexually transmitted infections/HIV infections.

When can you use it?

Withdrawal can be used during sexual intercourse if no other method is available. It is not recommended as a main method of contraception.

Advantages
• Nothing to purchase
• Available as a last resort

Disadvantages
• Dependent on male partner
• Requires great control, self-awareness and motivation
• May affect pleasure
• No protection against STI

What does it protect against?

Withdrawal is approximately 81% effective against pregnancy, however effectiveness varies widely depending on whether the male can predict and control ejaculation correctly. Withdrawal does not protect against STI.

Attitudes and values
Gender issues and responsibility

Withdrawal places the responsibility of avoiding pregnancy on the male partner. Partners should discuss whether they feel comfortable with this arrangement. 

Because of the lower effectiveness rate of withdrawal, couples should discuss whether they are prepared to deal with the female partner becoming pregnant. 

If sexual partners are not prepared to share the responsibility of an unplanned pregnancy, then they may want to consider using another, more effective method and abstaining from sexual intercourse until they find a more suitable method.

Withdrawal and pleasure

Withdrawal may reduce pleasure for both partners by putting pressure on the man to have self-control and by interrupting the plateau-to-orgasm transition. 

However, learning this technique may increase the man’s sensitivity to the sensations leading to orgasm and help him manage premature ejaculation.