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IPPF/Tommy Trenchard

Resources

Latest resources from across the federation and our partners

Spotlight

A selection of resources from across the Federation

HIV
Resource

HIV Theory of Change

Our HIV Theory of Change is to clarify the goals and vision of IPPF’s HIV programme and to articulate the different pathways and strategies IPPF uses to contribute towards its HIV goals and vision.

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Publication cover
Resource

| 07 November 2014

The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights

Men are husbands, partners, fathers, brothers and sons, and their lives are intertwined with that of women, children and other men. Across the world, rigid gender norms, and harmful perceptions of what it means to be a man have far reaching consequences on health and wellbeing. However, growing evidence shows that where men and boys are engaged in tackling gender inequality and promoting women’s choices, the resulting outcomes are positive and men and women are able to enjoy equitable, healthy and happy relationships. A new collection of case studies – The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights – highlight some of the ways that IPPF Member Associations are supporting gender equality and the sexual and reproductive health needs of men and boys. From Bolivia to Indonesia and Palestine to Zambia – 12 personal stories from 12 countries across the globe provide personal accounts of the journeys that men and boys are making in their sexual and reproductive lives and as champions for gender justice.

Publication cover
Resource

| 07 November 2014

The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights

Men are husbands, partners, fathers, brothers and sons, and their lives are intertwined with that of women, children and other men. Across the world, rigid gender norms, and harmful perceptions of what it means to be a man have far reaching consequences on health and wellbeing. However, growing evidence shows that where men and boys are engaged in tackling gender inequality and promoting women’s choices, the resulting outcomes are positive and men and women are able to enjoy equitable, healthy and happy relationships. A new collection of case studies – The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights – highlight some of the ways that IPPF Member Associations are supporting gender equality and the sexual and reproductive health needs of men and boys. From Bolivia to Indonesia and Palestine to Zambia – 12 personal stories from 12 countries across the globe provide personal accounts of the journeys that men and boys are making in their sexual and reproductive lives and as champions for gender justice.

Headshot of a young woman
Resource

| 01 September 2014

HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge

Despite the progress being made in the global response to HIV, stigma continues to be a major factor hindering HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, and affecting the overall health and wellbeing of people living with HIV. The media plays an important role in influencing people’s attitudes towards HIV, yet it is far from reaching its full potential. Many governments and funders prefer to focus on service delivery, which has measureable results, whereas it’s much harder to measure the impact of media initiatives that aim to bring about societal change. IPPF jointly with IBT (International Broadcasting Trust) has published this research report “HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge”, which aims to provide an overview of media initiatives seeking the reduction of HIV-related stigma, while highlighting the case study of Swaziland.

Headshot of a young woman
Resource

| 01 September 2014

HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge

Despite the progress being made in the global response to HIV, stigma continues to be a major factor hindering HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, and affecting the overall health and wellbeing of people living with HIV. The media plays an important role in influencing people’s attitudes towards HIV, yet it is far from reaching its full potential. Many governments and funders prefer to focus on service delivery, which has measureable results, whereas it’s much harder to measure the impact of media initiatives that aim to bring about societal change. IPPF jointly with IBT (International Broadcasting Trust) has published this research report “HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge”, which aims to provide an overview of media initiatives seeking the reduction of HIV-related stigma, while highlighting the case study of Swaziland.

2013年 活動一覧
Resource

| 13 August 2014

At a Glance 2013

Key facts and figures highlighting IPPF's achievements in 2013. IPPF provided 136.6m sexual and reproductive health services and averted 580,000 unsafe abortions.

2013年 活動一覧
Resource

| 13 August 2014

At a Glance 2013

Key facts and figures highlighting IPPF's achievements in 2013. IPPF provided 136.6m sexual and reproductive health services and averted 580,000 unsafe abortions.

Publication cover
Resource

| 06 August 2014

Youth and abortion guidelines

Youth and abortion: key strategies and promising practices for increasing young women’s access to abortion services promotes safe abortion access as part of a package of SRHR information and care inspires service providers, advocates and policy makers to eradicate barriers presents tried and tested techniques that can be adapted for a range of programmes explores public health and rights perspectives, to support abortion access encourages and describesa harm-reduction model for legally restrictive settings "There are a whole host of barriers – from cost, to cultural norms and stigma, to service provider attitudes – which prevent young women from accessing timely life-saving and life-enhancing abortion and post-abortion care." Legal abortion is a safe medical procedure, but where it is illegal it is often unsafe and results in high levels of complications and mortality. The right to abortion relates to many established human rights, but young women face specific obstacles to accessing safe abortion including: concerns about their capacity and ability to consent;  additional stigma associated with being sexually active especially for unmarried women; restrictive laws, or restrictive interpretation of laws; and lack of youth-friendliness. Integrating with other youth programmes, working with staff to increase their commitment to improving access, focusing on confidentiality and autonomy, using the harm-reduction model and supporting peer outreach are some of the promising practices that improve access. Includes: a case study of a harm reduction approach to abortion in countries where it is illegal examples of work in China and Bangladesh a table of recommended actions with links to relevant resources broken down into: institutional policy and strengthening youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health service provision information, education and communication advocacy youth survey questions health professionals' interview guide guideline development process online resources for the rights argument key statistics and resources for health arguments

Publication cover
Resource

| 06 August 2014

Youth and abortion guidelines

Youth and abortion: key strategies and promising practices for increasing young women’s access to abortion services promotes safe abortion access as part of a package of SRHR information and care inspires service providers, advocates and policy makers to eradicate barriers presents tried and tested techniques that can be adapted for a range of programmes explores public health and rights perspectives, to support abortion access encourages and describesa harm-reduction model for legally restrictive settings "There are a whole host of barriers – from cost, to cultural norms and stigma, to service provider attitudes – which prevent young women from accessing timely life-saving and life-enhancing abortion and post-abortion care." Legal abortion is a safe medical procedure, but where it is illegal it is often unsafe and results in high levels of complications and mortality. The right to abortion relates to many established human rights, but young women face specific obstacles to accessing safe abortion including: concerns about their capacity and ability to consent;  additional stigma associated with being sexually active especially for unmarried women; restrictive laws, or restrictive interpretation of laws; and lack of youth-friendliness. Integrating with other youth programmes, working with staff to increase their commitment to improving access, focusing on confidentiality and autonomy, using the harm-reduction model and supporting peer outreach are some of the promising practices that improve access. Includes: a case study of a harm reduction approach to abortion in countries where it is illegal examples of work in China and Bangladesh a table of recommended actions with links to relevant resources broken down into: institutional policy and strengthening youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health service provision information, education and communication advocacy youth survey questions health professionals' interview guide guideline development process online resources for the rights argument key statistics and resources for health arguments

cover page
Resource

| 24 July 2014

“Stigma is still my most serious challenge”

This publication shares the experiences of people living with HIV. Men and women from Ethiopia, Mozambique and Swaziland talk about HIV-related stigma and describe their courage, inspirations, suffering, resilience and determination to trigger change. Their stories demonstrate how stigma and discrimination can hinder access to vital support and care and the prevention, testing and treatment of HIV. National and international organizations working on HIV-related issues have an immense responsibility towards people living with HIV, to change the unjust reality revealed by these personal stories into a better one. We must increase our efforts towards ensuring everyone enjoys a dignified, stigma-free life – one where every human being is valued and free of discrimination.

cover page
Resource

| 24 July 2014

“Stigma is still my most serious challenge”

This publication shares the experiences of people living with HIV. Men and women from Ethiopia, Mozambique and Swaziland talk about HIV-related stigma and describe their courage, inspirations, suffering, resilience and determination to trigger change. Their stories demonstrate how stigma and discrimination can hinder access to vital support and care and the prevention, testing and treatment of HIV. National and international organizations working on HIV-related issues have an immense responsibility towards people living with HIV, to change the unjust reality revealed by these personal stories into a better one. We must increase our efforts towards ensuring everyone enjoys a dignified, stigma-free life – one where every human being is valued and free of discrimination.

Over-protected and under-served: Legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services
Resource

| 08 July 2014

UK: A study on legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services

The key legal barrier to accessing services in the UK is the almost total prohibition on abortion in Northern Ireland and the need to travel to England and pay for abortion which disproportionately disadvantages young women. Lack of legally mandated comprehensive sexuality education, and lack of legal recognition of people who do not identify within the gender-binary norms or are intersex, also represent significant barriers to access. There are many permissive and facilitative laws and practices in the UK, which should ensure good access to SRH services, and are intended to be protective without hampering access to services, but access is compromised by other factors including: conflict between the stigma associated with younger aged sex (especially for girls) and media and peer cultures endorsing sexual activity bad delivery of sex education by teachers who are uncomfortable with the subject, which reinforces taboos concerns about the confidentiality of services in spite of legal obligations on service providers – especially in schools which often operate their own rules on reporting sexually active teens, and in small rural communities where service providers and pharmacists may know the young person’s family quality of service for LGBT youth may be poorer because of lack of knowledge or understanding of same-sex sexuality or non-binary gender identities most young people and service providers don’t see the law as an obstacle to services though beliefs about the age of consent does prevent some young people seeking SRH services the legal right of schools to refuse to teach CSE and of individual parents to withdraw children from classes reinforces the idea that informing young people about sex is corrupting and that young people have no independent rights regarding information and access to health services where CSE does exist it often focuses solely on the biological and inadequately addresses the law and young people’s rights within it young people report being reliant on information from the internet which includes poor sources of information and porn robust laws against sexual violence are undermined by victim-blaming and the low rate of rape prosecutions and convictions, which prevents people coming forward to report rape access to antenatal care is good and not perceived to be limited by legal issues Northern Ireland has different laws and practices to other parts of Britain and these are less permissive, more restrictive and more likely to present barriers to access. These reflect a more conservative culture which negatively impacts access even where it is not restricted by law. girls are more likely to conceal their or delay accessing services as all pregnancy options are stigmatised - young motherhood, adoption and abortion cultural and religious norms in Northern Ireland promote abstinence before marriage and reinforce stigma around youth sexuality which hampers discussion between young people and their parents the law in NI doesn’t require teaching of LGBT issues having to travel to specialist services represents a high cost, presents difficulties maintaining privacy and acting independently from parents and is a significant barrier for youth in rural areas especially in Northern Ireland which is underserved 

Over-protected and under-served: Legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services
Resource

| 08 July 2014

UK: A study on legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services

The key legal barrier to accessing services in the UK is the almost total prohibition on abortion in Northern Ireland and the need to travel to England and pay for abortion which disproportionately disadvantages young women. Lack of legally mandated comprehensive sexuality education, and lack of legal recognition of people who do not identify within the gender-binary norms or are intersex, also represent significant barriers to access. There are many permissive and facilitative laws and practices in the UK, which should ensure good access to SRH services, and are intended to be protective without hampering access to services, but access is compromised by other factors including: conflict between the stigma associated with younger aged sex (especially for girls) and media and peer cultures endorsing sexual activity bad delivery of sex education by teachers who are uncomfortable with the subject, which reinforces taboos concerns about the confidentiality of services in spite of legal obligations on service providers – especially in schools which often operate their own rules on reporting sexually active teens, and in small rural communities where service providers and pharmacists may know the young person’s family quality of service for LGBT youth may be poorer because of lack of knowledge or understanding of same-sex sexuality or non-binary gender identities most young people and service providers don’t see the law as an obstacle to services though beliefs about the age of consent does prevent some young people seeking SRH services the legal right of schools to refuse to teach CSE and of individual parents to withdraw children from classes reinforces the idea that informing young people about sex is corrupting and that young people have no independent rights regarding information and access to health services where CSE does exist it often focuses solely on the biological and inadequately addresses the law and young people’s rights within it young people report being reliant on information from the internet which includes poor sources of information and porn robust laws against sexual violence are undermined by victim-blaming and the low rate of rape prosecutions and convictions, which prevents people coming forward to report rape access to antenatal care is good and not perceived to be limited by legal issues Northern Ireland has different laws and practices to other parts of Britain and these are less permissive, more restrictive and more likely to present barriers to access. These reflect a more conservative culture which negatively impacts access even where it is not restricted by law. girls are more likely to conceal their or delay accessing services as all pregnancy options are stigmatised - young motherhood, adoption and abortion cultural and religious norms in Northern Ireland promote abstinence before marriage and reinforce stigma around youth sexuality which hampers discussion between young people and their parents the law in NI doesn’t require teaching of LGBT issues having to travel to specialist services represents a high cost, presents difficulties maintaining privacy and acting independently from parents and is a significant barrier for youth in rural areas especially in Northern Ireland which is underserved 

Publication cover
Resource

| 07 November 2014

The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights

Men are husbands, partners, fathers, brothers and sons, and their lives are intertwined with that of women, children and other men. Across the world, rigid gender norms, and harmful perceptions of what it means to be a man have far reaching consequences on health and wellbeing. However, growing evidence shows that where men and boys are engaged in tackling gender inequality and promoting women’s choices, the resulting outcomes are positive and men and women are able to enjoy equitable, healthy and happy relationships. A new collection of case studies – The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights – highlight some of the ways that IPPF Member Associations are supporting gender equality and the sexual and reproductive health needs of men and boys. From Bolivia to Indonesia and Palestine to Zambia – 12 personal stories from 12 countries across the globe provide personal accounts of the journeys that men and boys are making in their sexual and reproductive lives and as champions for gender justice.

Publication cover
Resource

| 07 November 2014

The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights

Men are husbands, partners, fathers, brothers and sons, and their lives are intertwined with that of women, children and other men. Across the world, rigid gender norms, and harmful perceptions of what it means to be a man have far reaching consequences on health and wellbeing. However, growing evidence shows that where men and boys are engaged in tackling gender inequality and promoting women’s choices, the resulting outcomes are positive and men and women are able to enjoy equitable, healthy and happy relationships. A new collection of case studies – The Men and Boys Collection: Stories of gender justice and sexual and reproductive health and rights – highlight some of the ways that IPPF Member Associations are supporting gender equality and the sexual and reproductive health needs of men and boys. From Bolivia to Indonesia and Palestine to Zambia – 12 personal stories from 12 countries across the globe provide personal accounts of the journeys that men and boys are making in their sexual and reproductive lives and as champions for gender justice.

Headshot of a young woman
Resource

| 01 September 2014

HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge

Despite the progress being made in the global response to HIV, stigma continues to be a major factor hindering HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, and affecting the overall health and wellbeing of people living with HIV. The media plays an important role in influencing people’s attitudes towards HIV, yet it is far from reaching its full potential. Many governments and funders prefer to focus on service delivery, which has measureable results, whereas it’s much harder to measure the impact of media initiatives that aim to bring about societal change. IPPF jointly with IBT (International Broadcasting Trust) has published this research report “HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge”, which aims to provide an overview of media initiatives seeking the reduction of HIV-related stigma, while highlighting the case study of Swaziland.

Headshot of a young woman
Resource

| 01 September 2014

HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge

Despite the progress being made in the global response to HIV, stigma continues to be a major factor hindering HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, and affecting the overall health and wellbeing of people living with HIV. The media plays an important role in influencing people’s attitudes towards HIV, yet it is far from reaching its full potential. Many governments and funders prefer to focus on service delivery, which has measureable results, whereas it’s much harder to measure the impact of media initiatives that aim to bring about societal change. IPPF jointly with IBT (International Broadcasting Trust) has published this research report “HIV and Stigma: The Media Challenge”, which aims to provide an overview of media initiatives seeking the reduction of HIV-related stigma, while highlighting the case study of Swaziland.

2013年 活動一覧
Resource

| 13 August 2014

At a Glance 2013

Key facts and figures highlighting IPPF's achievements in 2013. IPPF provided 136.6m sexual and reproductive health services and averted 580,000 unsafe abortions.

2013年 活動一覧
Resource

| 13 August 2014

At a Glance 2013

Key facts and figures highlighting IPPF's achievements in 2013. IPPF provided 136.6m sexual and reproductive health services and averted 580,000 unsafe abortions.

Publication cover
Resource

| 06 August 2014

Youth and abortion guidelines

Youth and abortion: key strategies and promising practices for increasing young women’s access to abortion services promotes safe abortion access as part of a package of SRHR information and care inspires service providers, advocates and policy makers to eradicate barriers presents tried and tested techniques that can be adapted for a range of programmes explores public health and rights perspectives, to support abortion access encourages and describesa harm-reduction model for legally restrictive settings "There are a whole host of barriers – from cost, to cultural norms and stigma, to service provider attitudes – which prevent young women from accessing timely life-saving and life-enhancing abortion and post-abortion care." Legal abortion is a safe medical procedure, but where it is illegal it is often unsafe and results in high levels of complications and mortality. The right to abortion relates to many established human rights, but young women face specific obstacles to accessing safe abortion including: concerns about their capacity and ability to consent;  additional stigma associated with being sexually active especially for unmarried women; restrictive laws, or restrictive interpretation of laws; and lack of youth-friendliness. Integrating with other youth programmes, working with staff to increase their commitment to improving access, focusing on confidentiality and autonomy, using the harm-reduction model and supporting peer outreach are some of the promising practices that improve access. Includes: a case study of a harm reduction approach to abortion in countries where it is illegal examples of work in China and Bangladesh a table of recommended actions with links to relevant resources broken down into: institutional policy and strengthening youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health service provision information, education and communication advocacy youth survey questions health professionals' interview guide guideline development process online resources for the rights argument key statistics and resources for health arguments

Publication cover
Resource

| 06 August 2014

Youth and abortion guidelines

Youth and abortion: key strategies and promising practices for increasing young women’s access to abortion services promotes safe abortion access as part of a package of SRHR information and care inspires service providers, advocates and policy makers to eradicate barriers presents tried and tested techniques that can be adapted for a range of programmes explores public health and rights perspectives, to support abortion access encourages and describesa harm-reduction model for legally restrictive settings "There are a whole host of barriers – from cost, to cultural norms and stigma, to service provider attitudes – which prevent young women from accessing timely life-saving and life-enhancing abortion and post-abortion care." Legal abortion is a safe medical procedure, but where it is illegal it is often unsafe and results in high levels of complications and mortality. The right to abortion relates to many established human rights, but young women face specific obstacles to accessing safe abortion including: concerns about their capacity and ability to consent;  additional stigma associated with being sexually active especially for unmarried women; restrictive laws, or restrictive interpretation of laws; and lack of youth-friendliness. Integrating with other youth programmes, working with staff to increase their commitment to improving access, focusing on confidentiality and autonomy, using the harm-reduction model and supporting peer outreach are some of the promising practices that improve access. Includes: a case study of a harm reduction approach to abortion in countries where it is illegal examples of work in China and Bangladesh a table of recommended actions with links to relevant resources broken down into: institutional policy and strengthening youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health service provision information, education and communication advocacy youth survey questions health professionals' interview guide guideline development process online resources for the rights argument key statistics and resources for health arguments

cover page
Resource

| 24 July 2014

“Stigma is still my most serious challenge”

This publication shares the experiences of people living with HIV. Men and women from Ethiopia, Mozambique and Swaziland talk about HIV-related stigma and describe their courage, inspirations, suffering, resilience and determination to trigger change. Their stories demonstrate how stigma and discrimination can hinder access to vital support and care and the prevention, testing and treatment of HIV. National and international organizations working on HIV-related issues have an immense responsibility towards people living with HIV, to change the unjust reality revealed by these personal stories into a better one. We must increase our efforts towards ensuring everyone enjoys a dignified, stigma-free life – one where every human being is valued and free of discrimination.

cover page
Resource

| 24 July 2014

“Stigma is still my most serious challenge”

This publication shares the experiences of people living with HIV. Men and women from Ethiopia, Mozambique and Swaziland talk about HIV-related stigma and describe their courage, inspirations, suffering, resilience and determination to trigger change. Their stories demonstrate how stigma and discrimination can hinder access to vital support and care and the prevention, testing and treatment of HIV. National and international organizations working on HIV-related issues have an immense responsibility towards people living with HIV, to change the unjust reality revealed by these personal stories into a better one. We must increase our efforts towards ensuring everyone enjoys a dignified, stigma-free life – one where every human being is valued and free of discrimination.

Over-protected and under-served: Legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services
Resource

| 08 July 2014

UK: A study on legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services

The key legal barrier to accessing services in the UK is the almost total prohibition on abortion in Northern Ireland and the need to travel to England and pay for abortion which disproportionately disadvantages young women. Lack of legally mandated comprehensive sexuality education, and lack of legal recognition of people who do not identify within the gender-binary norms or are intersex, also represent significant barriers to access. There are many permissive and facilitative laws and practices in the UK, which should ensure good access to SRH services, and are intended to be protective without hampering access to services, but access is compromised by other factors including: conflict between the stigma associated with younger aged sex (especially for girls) and media and peer cultures endorsing sexual activity bad delivery of sex education by teachers who are uncomfortable with the subject, which reinforces taboos concerns about the confidentiality of services in spite of legal obligations on service providers – especially in schools which often operate their own rules on reporting sexually active teens, and in small rural communities where service providers and pharmacists may know the young person’s family quality of service for LGBT youth may be poorer because of lack of knowledge or understanding of same-sex sexuality or non-binary gender identities most young people and service providers don’t see the law as an obstacle to services though beliefs about the age of consent does prevent some young people seeking SRH services the legal right of schools to refuse to teach CSE and of individual parents to withdraw children from classes reinforces the idea that informing young people about sex is corrupting and that young people have no independent rights regarding information and access to health services where CSE does exist it often focuses solely on the biological and inadequately addresses the law and young people’s rights within it young people report being reliant on information from the internet which includes poor sources of information and porn robust laws against sexual violence are undermined by victim-blaming and the low rate of rape prosecutions and convictions, which prevents people coming forward to report rape access to antenatal care is good and not perceived to be limited by legal issues Northern Ireland has different laws and practices to other parts of Britain and these are less permissive, more restrictive and more likely to present barriers to access. These reflect a more conservative culture which negatively impacts access even where it is not restricted by law. girls are more likely to conceal their or delay accessing services as all pregnancy options are stigmatised - young motherhood, adoption and abortion cultural and religious norms in Northern Ireland promote abstinence before marriage and reinforce stigma around youth sexuality which hampers discussion between young people and their parents the law in NI doesn’t require teaching of LGBT issues having to travel to specialist services represents a high cost, presents difficulties maintaining privacy and acting independently from parents and is a significant barrier for youth in rural areas especially in Northern Ireland which is underserved 

Over-protected and under-served: Legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services
Resource

| 08 July 2014

UK: A study on legal barriers to young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health services

The key legal barrier to accessing services in the UK is the almost total prohibition on abortion in Northern Ireland and the need to travel to England and pay for abortion which disproportionately disadvantages young women. Lack of legally mandated comprehensive sexuality education, and lack of legal recognition of people who do not identify within the gender-binary norms or are intersex, also represent significant barriers to access. There are many permissive and facilitative laws and practices in the UK, which should ensure good access to SRH services, and are intended to be protective without hampering access to services, but access is compromised by other factors including: conflict between the stigma associated with younger aged sex (especially for girls) and media and peer cultures endorsing sexual activity bad delivery of sex education by teachers who are uncomfortable with the subject, which reinforces taboos concerns about the confidentiality of services in spite of legal obligations on service providers – especially in schools which often operate their own rules on reporting sexually active teens, and in small rural communities where service providers and pharmacists may know the young person’s family quality of service for LGBT youth may be poorer because of lack of knowledge or understanding of same-sex sexuality or non-binary gender identities most young people and service providers don’t see the law as an obstacle to services though beliefs about the age of consent does prevent some young people seeking SRH services the legal right of schools to refuse to teach CSE and of individual parents to withdraw children from classes reinforces the idea that informing young people about sex is corrupting and that young people have no independent rights regarding information and access to health services where CSE does exist it often focuses solely on the biological and inadequately addresses the law and young people’s rights within it young people report being reliant on information from the internet which includes poor sources of information and porn robust laws against sexual violence are undermined by victim-blaming and the low rate of rape prosecutions and convictions, which prevents people coming forward to report rape access to antenatal care is good and not perceived to be limited by legal issues Northern Ireland has different laws and practices to other parts of Britain and these are less permissive, more restrictive and more likely to present barriers to access. These reflect a more conservative culture which negatively impacts access even where it is not restricted by law. girls are more likely to conceal their or delay accessing services as all pregnancy options are stigmatised - young motherhood, adoption and abortion cultural and religious norms in Northern Ireland promote abstinence before marriage and reinforce stigma around youth sexuality which hampers discussion between young people and their parents the law in NI doesn’t require teaching of LGBT issues having to travel to specialist services represents a high cost, presents difficulties maintaining privacy and acting independently from parents and is a significant barrier for youth in rural areas especially in Northern Ireland which is underserved